Key messages
- digitalisation has transformed how finances are managed for people living with dementia
- tools such as direct debits and debit cards can simplify routine payments
- digital finance systems can also increase complexity and risk for some individuals
- older people living with dementia face barriers related to usability and digital confidence
- unpaid carers often take on additional financial management responsibilities as a result.
Policy implications
- digital financial systems should be designed with cognitive accessibility in mind
- clearer safeguards are needed to support people living with dementia
- digital literacy training could support both people with dementia and carers
- access to appropriate devices and support is necessary to prevent exclusion.
Gaps
- evidence is qualitative and based on lived experience
- limited evaluation of specific interventions to support digital financial inclusion
- lack of research on how financial digitalisation affects different socioeconomic groups.
Commentary
This study illustrates how the digitalisation of financial management brings mixed consequences for people living with dementia and those who support them. While automated payments and card-based systems can reduce day-to-day burden, they can also obscure oversight and increase dependence on others.
The findings show that digital change often shifts responsibility rather than removing it. As systems become harder to navigate, unpaid carers frequently absorb additional financial tasks, adding to existing caring pressures. These dynamics are particularly pronounced where platforms are not designed with cognitive impairment in mind.
Usability emerges as a central issue. Digital finance tools that assume high levels of confidence, memory and comprehension can inadvertently exclude people living with dementia, even when intended to simplify processes.
Overall, the study highlights the need to treat financial digitalisation as part of care infrastructure. Ensuring that systems are accessible, supported and adaptable is essential if technology is to reduce burden rather than redistribute it onto carers.
Key messages
- older unpaid carers recognise potential benefits of digital social care tools
- digitalisation is often experienced as coercive rather than optional
- access limited by affordability barriers, including device and data costs
- gaps in digital skills and confidence increase risk of exclusion
- carers call for co-production and the retention of offline options.
Policy implications
- digital social care must preserve genuine choice between digital and non-digital routes
- funding for devices and connectivity is needed to prevent exclusion
- carers should be involved in the design and implementation of digital services
- margins-first approaches can help ensure digital policy reduces rather than widens inequity.
Gaps
- evidence is primarily qualitative
- limited evaluation of interventions addressing affordability and access
- lack of outcome data on equity impacts for carers
- need for research on scalable, inclusive digital social care models.
Commentary
This study shows how the digitalisation of social care reshapes everyday caring work for older unpaid carers. While digital tools were sometimes seen as useful, many carers described a loss of choice as non-digital routes were reduced or removed.
Affordability and skills gaps emerged as central barriers. For carers already managing significant responsibilities, the need to pay for devices or data and to develop digital confidence added pressure rather than relief. These constraints meant that digital systems often worked better for those with existing resources, leaving others struggling to engage.
The findings also highlight the importance of how digital change is implemented. Where carers were not involved in design decisions, digital services were more likely to feel imposed and poorly aligned with real-world caring contexts. In contrast, co-produced approaches were seen as more responsive and respectful of carers’ needs.
Overall, the study illustrates that digital social care can either support or undermine access depending on the choices made around funding, design and delivery. Retaining offline options and providing practical support for connectivity and skills are not transitional measures, but essential conditions for fair and workable digital care.
Key messages
- a comprehensive telecare package did not improve time living at home compared with a basic offer
- no reduction in ‘caregiver burden’ was observed with more intensive telecare provision
- outcomes suggest limited benefit from technology-first approaches
- effectiveness is strongly influenced by how well technology fits individual needs and context
- implementation and personalisation appear central to whether telecare adds value.
Policy implications
- telecare should not be assumed to deliver benefits simply through increased provision
- matching technology to individual capabilities, routines and environments is essential
- commissioning should prioritise assessment, tailoring and ongoing support
- evidence cautions against large-scale roll-out of standardised telecare packages without personalisation.
Gaps
- limited understanding of how different implementation models affect outcomes
- need for research on personalised and adaptive telecare approaches
- uncertainty about longer-term impacts beyond the trial period.
Commentary
This NIHR trial provides some of the strongest evidence on the limits of telecare effectiveness in dementia care. By comparing a comprehensive telecare package with a basic offer, it challenges assumptions that more technology necessarily leads to better outcomes.
From a care equity standpoint, the findings highlight risks in technology-led approaches that do not account for individual context. Standardised packages may fail to support people with dementia whose needs, capabilities and environments vary widely.
The results align with qualitative evidence showing that personalisation, support and fit with daily life are critical to successful technology use. Without these elements, telecare may add complexity without delivering meaningful benefit.
Overall, the study highlights that the use of technology in care must be grounded in person-centred assessment and ongoing support. Technology alone is insufficient to improve outcomes, and poorly matched interventions risk diverting resources from more effective forms of care.
Key messages
- digital technologies are increasingly used in secondary mental health care settings
- co-production with people who experience chronic mental health conditions is essential to effective digital design
- digital tools offer opportunities to improve understanding, monitoring and sharing of mental health data
- innovation is occurring unevenly across services
- evidence on effectiveness and long-term impact remains limited.
Policy implications
- digital mental health tools should be co-produced with service users
- secondary care services need support to evaluate digital interventions robustly
- data governance and information-sharing arrangements are central to safe digital innovation
- implementation should proceed cautiously alongside ongoing evaluation.
Gaps
- lack of long-term outcome studies in secondary mental health care
- small sample sizes limit generalisability
- limited consideration of multiple protected characteristics
- insufficient evidence on equity impacts of digital mental health tools.
Commentary
This paper highlights both the promise and the uncertainty surrounding digital technologies in mental health care. While new tools offer opportunities to enhance data sharing and clinical insight, their success depends heavily on alignment with service users’ needs and experiences.
A recurring theme is the importance of co-production. Digital tools designed without meaningful involvement of people living with mental health conditions risk being poorly adopted or misaligned with real-world care. This is particularly relevant in secondary care, where needs are often complex and long term.
At the same time, the review points to a thin evidence base. Small studies and short follow-up periods make it difficult to judge whether digital interventions improve outcomes or simply add complexity to already stretched services.
Overall, the paper suggests that digital innovation in secondary mental health care should prioritise learning and evaluation over rapid scale-up. Careful design, inclusive involvement and longer-term evidence are needed if technology is to strengthen care without introducing new forms of exclusion or risk.
Key messages
- people with dementia and carers actively adapt and repurpose assistive technologies to fit daily routines
- technologies are often abandoned when they do not align with lived experience or changing needs
- unintended consequences of assistive technology use are common
- successful use depends on contextual tailoring at home and routine level
- many assistive technology products lack flexibility to accommodate progression of dementia.
Policy implications
- assistive technology provision should prioritise personalisation and adaptability
- ongoing, longitudinal support is needed rather than one-off installation
- service models should recognise carers’ role in adapting and maintaining technology
- procurement should consider how technologies evolve alongside changing needs.
Gaps
- limited longitudinal evidence on sustained assistive technology use
- lack of flexible product design that supports progression of dementia
- insufficient integration of ethnographic insights into commissioning and practice.
Commentary
This study provides rich insight into how assistive technology is used in real-world dementia care. Rather than being passively adopted, technologies are actively adapted, modified or abandoned depending on how well they fit with everyday routines and relationships.
From a care equity viewpoint, the findings challenge assumptions that technology alone can provide support. Without tailoring, ongoing support and responsiveness to changing needs, assistive technologies may fail to deliver intended benefits and can even create new burdens.
The concept of ‘bricolage’ highlights the work done by carers to make technologies usable. This ‘invisible work’ is rarely recognised in service design or commissioning, yet it is central to whether technology supports or disrupts care.
Overall, the study stresses that the use of technology in care must be grounded in lived experience. Personalisation, flexibility and longitudinal support are essential if assistive technology is to support people with dementia and their carers equitably and sustainably.
Key messages
- digitally excluded people using mental health services face barriers related to device access, connectivity and digital skills
- a trust-wide offer providing devices, data connectivity and one-to-one digital skills support improved access to digital care
- participants reported increased engagement with services and greater perceived control over their care
- tailored, individual support was central to building confidence and digital capability
- digital inclusion was viewed as enabling participation rather than replacing non-digital care options.
Policy implications
- digital inclusion support should be treated as a core component of digital mental health strategies
- investment in devices and connectivity needs to be accompanied by personalised skills support
- mental health providers may need dedicated roles or teams to deliver digital inclusion at scale
- hybrid models should remain available to avoid excluding those unable or unwilling to use digital tools.
Gaps
- limited evidence on longer-term outcomes and sustainability
- no assessment of cost-effectiveness
- potential selection bias due to voluntary participation
- uncertainty about scalability beyond a single NHS trust.
Commentary
This study demonstrates how targeted digital inclusion support can improve access and engagement for mental health service users who are otherwise excluded from digital care. By combining devices, connectivity and one-to-one support, the intervention addressed multiple barriers simultaneously.
From a care equity perspective, the findings highlight that digital exclusion is not simply a technical issue but one linked to confidence, skills and control. Supporting people to use technology on their own terms can enhance autonomy and participation in care.
The emphasis on personalised support is particularly important. Standardised digital roll-outs are unlikely to meet the needs of people facing multiple disadvantages, whereas tailored approaches may help reduce inequities in access to mental health services.
However, the study also points to evidence gaps. Without data on long-term outcomes, cost-effectiveness and scalability, it remains unclear how such programmes can be embedded sustainably across systems. Even so, the findings provide useful practice-based evidence for designing more inclusive uses of technology in care.
Key messages
- the report is based on an online survey of 10,539 carers conducted between June and August 2025.
- many carers rely on online information and digital tools to understand benefits, services and support available to them.
- digital access is an important route through which carers seek guidance on managing caring responsibilities and navigating health and social care systems.
- carers report using the internet to access information about caring, financial support and services, demonstrating the growing importance of digital channels for support.
- however, digital access does not replace the need for clear, accessible information and practical support from services and professionals.
Policy implications
- digital information and online services should be designed so carers can easily access guidance on support, benefits and services.
- government and health and social care organisations should recognise digital channels as a key mechanism through which carers seek support.
- digital services should complement, rather than replace, other routes to support such as advice services and direct engagement with professionals.
Gaps
- the report does not evaluate the effectiveness of digital tools or technologies used by carers.
- there is limited analysis of how digital exclusion affects different groups of carers.
- the report does not examine outcomes associated with technology use, such as impacts on wellbeing, care coordination or service access.
Commentary
The State of Caring 2025 report highlights the increasing importance of digital information and technology in supporting unpaid carers. Online platforms are widely used to access guidance on benefits, services and caring responsibilities. This reflects broader shifts in health and social care systems, where information and service navigation increasingly take place through digital channels.
However, the report also suggests that digital access alone cannot address the practical and emotional challenges carers face. Technology may support information access, but carers continue to rely on professional advice, community services and peer support to manage complex caring responsibilities.
The findings also raise important issues relating to care equity. When support systems rely heavily on digital access, carers who lack reliable internet access, digital skills or confidence may struggle to obtain the information and assistance they need. This can create uneven access to support, particularly for older carers or those experiencing financial disadvantage.
Overall, the report reinforces the role of digital information as an important component of support for carers, while highlighting the need for inclusive design and multiple routes to assistance to ensure carers are not excluded from essential services.
Key messages
- wearable devices and mobile phones were commonly used in supported living settings
- technology was associated with increased feelings of safety and reassurance for tenants
- residents and carers actively sought support to improve digital skills
- carers identified factors that enabled or hindered effective technology use
- concerns were raised around privacy, consent and autonomy.
Policy implications
- supported living models should integrate technology with clear consent and privacy safeguards
- ongoing digital skills support benefits both tenants and carers
- technology adoption should be embedded within care models rather than added informally
- guidance is needed to support ethical use of monitoring technologies in dementia care.
Gaps
- findings are limited to supported living environments
- other housing and care settings were not included
- low survey response rates may limit representativeness
- further longitudinal ethnographic research is recommended.
Commentary
This study provides insight into how technology is woven into everyday life within supported living environments for people with dementia. Rather than being experienced as purely clinical tools, technologies such as wearables and mobile phones were often described as contributing to reassurance and a sense of security.
The findings also show that technology use is relational. Tenants’ ability to benefit depended on the support of both informal and formal carers, alongside opportunities to build digital confidence. Where this support was available, technology was more likely to be used in ways that aligned with residents’ preferences.
At the same time, the study highlights ethical tensions. Monitoring and assistive technologies raised questions about privacy, consent and autonomy, particularly as cognitive capacity changes over time. These concerns highlight the importance of clear governance and ongoing dialogue with tenants and carers.
Overall, the research suggests that technology can enhance supported living when it is thoughtfully integrated into care models. Ensuring that use remains person-centred, ethically grounded and supported over time is central to avoiding harm and enabling technology to contribute positively to dementia care.
Key messages
- personalisation in adult social care aims to increase choice and control through mechanisms such as direct payments, personal budgets and individual service funds
- a systematic review of 45 studies found ethnic minority communities are under-represented among users of personalised care options despite potential benefits
- people from ethnic minority communities may value personalisation because it allows them to arrange culturally appropriate care, including employing personal assistants from similar cultural or linguistic backgrounds
- major barriers to uptake include lack of accessible information about personalisation, language barriers and difficulty navigating complex social care systems
- cultural assumptions in mainstream services and limited availability of culturally appropriate providers can restrict meaningful choice and control
- community and voluntary organisations often act as trusted intermediaries that help people understand and access personalised care, but these organisations have faced funding pressures
Policy implications
- improving awareness of personalisation among ethnic minority communities requires accessible information in multiple languages and formats
- social care providers and commissioners may need to develop culturally competent services and expand the availability of culturally appropriate care options
- supporting community and voluntary sector organisations could help bridge gaps between communities and mainstream social care systems
- recruitment and training strategies may need to focus on building a more diverse and culturally aware care workforce
- improved monitoring of service uptake by ethnicity could help identify inequities and inform commissioning decisions
Gaps
- there is limited robust quantitative data on the uptake and outcomes of personalisation among racially minoritised communities
- much of the existing evidence base consists of qualitative studies, expert commentary and descriptive research
- little research explores the perspectives of front-line care workers or personal assistants working with ethnic minority people who draw on care and support
- further research is needed to understand how personalisation policies affect outcomes for different ethnic and cultural groups
Commentary
This systematic review synthesises evidence on how ethnic minority communities experience personalisation within UK adult social care. Personalisation policies are intended to increase choice and control over care through mechanisms such as direct payments and personal budgets.
The evidence suggests that personalisation can support culturally appropriate care. People may use personal budgets to employ personal assistants who understand their language, culture or religious practices, which can improve comfort and communication. In theory, this flexibility could improve access to services that align with people’s preferences and cultural needs.
However, multiple barriers limit the practical impact of personalisation for ethnic minority communities. Many studies report limited awareness of available options, difficulty navigating complex systems and inadequate information about entitlements. Language barriers and cultural misunderstandings can further reduce engagement with services.
From a care equity perspective, the review highlights how structural features of the social care system may unintentionally reinforce existing inequalities. When culturally appropriate providers are scarce or information about services is inaccessible, the promise of “choice and control” becomes difficult to realise in practice.
The findings also emphasise the role of community and voluntary organisations as trusted intermediaries that help individuals understand and access personalised care. However, funding pressures affecting these organisations may reduce their ability to support communities who already face barriers to mainstream services.
Overall, the review suggests that personalisation policies alone are unlikely to reduce inequities in adult social care. Improving equity will likely require culturally competent service design, stronger community engagement and better monitoring of access and outcomes across different population groups.
Key messages
- immigration policy can shape everyday experiences of care, financial stability and access to support for migrants and refugees
- administrative issues within immigration systems can disrupt access to welfare payments and essential income
- immigration rules and eligibility criteria can create uncertainty for people who depend on public support while navigating the asylum or settlement process
- proposed changes to migration policy, including longer qualifying periods for settlement, may have implications for migrants with emerging health or care needs
- migrant experiences of care are often shaped by a combination of immigration policy, welfare eligibility and local service provision
Policy implications
- policymakers should consider how immigration policy intersects with health and social care systems
- administrative systems must minimise errors that can disrupt welfare payments or eligibility for support
- social care and welfare policies should recognise the particular vulnerabilities faced by migrants with insecure status
- cross-government coordination may help reduce unintended consequences of immigration rules on health and care access
Gaps
- the commentary draws on illustrative cases rather than systematic empirical analysis
- limited quantitative evidence is presented on the scale of the issues discussed
- further research is needed on how immigration policy shapes access to health and social care services over time
- additional work is required to understand how different migrant groups experience these barriers across regions and service settings
Commentary
This commentary explores how immigration policy interacts with the everyday realities of care, welfare and support for migrants and refugees in the UK. It highlights how policy frameworks designed primarily for migration control can have unintended consequences for people’s financial stability and wellbeing. Administrative processes, eligibility rules and immigration status can shape whether individuals are able to access the support needed to maintain housing, income and basic security.
The analysis shows that disruptions to welfare payments and uncertainty around immigration status can create significant instability. When income is suspended or delayed because of administrative issues, individuals may experience debt, housing insecurity and difficulty meeting basic needs. These pressures can directly affect health and wellbeing, particularly for people already facing precarious circumstances.
From a social care equity perspective, the commentary highlights how structural policy arrangements can shape access to support services. Migrants with insecure immigration status may face additional barriers to accessing welfare and care systems, while proposed changes to settlement rules could extend periods of uncertainty for those with emerging health or care needs. These structural conditions can contribute to uneven access to care and support across different population groups.
Overall, the piece highlights the importance of recognising how immigration policy intersects with health and social care systems. Addressing inequities in access to care requires attention not only to service design but also to the broader policy environment that shapes people’s ability to access support in the first place.
Key messages
- around one-third of adults in low-to-middle income families are disabled, a carer, or both
- families that include both a disabled person and a carer face significantly higher rates of material deprivation than families without these circumstances
- income levels are lower in households that include a disabled person or both a disabled person and a carer, even after controlling for demographic characteristics
- disabilities and caring responsibilities can limit participation in paid employment, including reducing working hours or preventing work altogether
- many carers report financial strain linked to the design of Carer’s Allowance, including strict earnings limits and administrative complexity
- public spending on support services for unpaid carers has fallen substantially, with expenditure on carer support in England falling by around one-third since 2014-15
Policy implications
- reforms to the social security system may be required to better support households with disabilities and caring responsibilities
- Carer’s Allowance could be redesigned to remove sharp earnings thresholds and reduce administrative burdens for carers
- employment policies should better support disabled workers and carers who want to remain in or return to work
- restoring funding for support services for unpaid carers may help reduce financial pressures and improve wellbeing
- broader policy responses may need to consider the interaction between disability, unpaid care and labour market participation
Gaps
- the analysis focuses primarily on low-to-middle income households, so findings may not capture experiences across the full income distribution
- further research is needed on long-term financial trajectories for households affected by disability and caring responsibilities
- additional evidence would help clarify how policy reforms affect both carers’ financial wellbeing and care outcomes
Commentary
This report examines how disability and unpaid caring responsibilities shape financial circumstances for families across the UK. It shows that disability and caring are closely linked with lower household income, reduced employment opportunities and greater exposure to material deprivation, particularly among low-to-middle income households.
The findings highlight how caring responsibilities can affect participation in the labour market. Many carers report reducing their hours, changing jobs or leaving employment entirely because of the demands of providing care. At the same time, the structure of Carer’s Allowance – including earnings limits and strict eligibility rules – can create financial instability and discourage some carers from increasing their working hours.
From a social care equity perspective, the report illustrates how financial systems and welfare policies shape the distribution of care responsibilities and resources. When support for unpaid carers is limited, the financial consequences are often concentrated among households already facing economic disadvantage. Reductions in public spending on services that support carers, such as respite provision, can intensify these pressures and shift more responsibility onto families.
Overall, the analysis demonstrates that disability and unpaid care are central drivers of financial inequities within the UK. Addressing these challenges requires policy approaches that recognise the economic value of unpaid care while ensuring that carers and disabled people are not pushed into financial hardship as a result of the support they provide or require.
Key messages
- austerity-related funding reductions have reduced the capacity of mental health services across the UK
- access to mental health care has become more uneven, particularly affecting people in low-income or marginalised communities
- higher thresholds for accessing services have left many individuals with unmet mental health needs
- workforce pressures and reduced community provision have contributed to increased reliance on hospital-based and crisis services
- financial constraints have weakened early intervention and preventative mental health programmes.
Policy implications
- sustained investment in community-based mental health services is needed to reduce reliance on crisis care
- early intervention and preventative programmes require stable funding to remain effective
- workforce planning should address shortages created by funding reductions
- policymakers may need to consider the long-term consequences of austerity policies on mental health outcomes.
Gaps
- the study focuses on the period following austerity policies and does not examine longer-term trends beyond this context
- limited quantitative evaluation of how funding reductions directly affect specific outcomes across different populations
- further research is needed on how austerity impacts vary between regions and service types.
Commentary
This paper examines how austerity policies have reshaped the provision of mental health services in the UK. It shows that reductions in funding have constrained service capacity at a time when demand for mental health support has continued to rise. These pressures have resulted in stricter eligibility thresholds and greater reliance on crisis-based care.
The findings highlight how financial decisions affect the balance between preventative and reactive services. Cuts to early intervention and community support mean that individuals often receive help later, when needs have become more severe. This shift places additional pressure on hospital services and emergency care pathways.
Workforce shortages and reduced investment in community-based support further contribute to this pattern. When services are under-resourced, staff capacity declines and waiting times increase, reinforcing a system that responds to acute crises rather than preventing deterioration in mental health.
In relation to care equity, the study demonstrates how austerity measures can widen existing inequities in access to mental health support. Communities already experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are more likely to face barriers to timely care, leading to greater reliance on emergency services and poorer long-term outcomes. These dynamics highlight how financial policy decisions can shape not only service availability but also the distribution of care across different populations.
Overall, the paper argues that sustained investment in mental health services, particularly in community-based and preventative approaches, is essential to avoid deepening inequities in access and outcomes.