Key messages
- wearable devices and mobile phones were commonly used in supported living settings
- technology was associated with increased feelings of safety and reassurance for tenants
- residents and carers actively sought support to improve digital skills
- carers identified factors that enabled or hindered effective technology use
- concerns were raised around privacy, consent and autonomy.
Policy implications
- supported living models should integrate technology with clear consent and privacy safeguards
- ongoing digital skills support benefits both tenants and carers
- technology adoption should be embedded within care models rather than added informally
- guidance is needed to support ethical use of monitoring technologies in dementia care.
Gaps
- findings are limited to supported living environments
- other housing and care settings were not included
- low survey response rates may limit representativeness
- further longitudinal ethnographic research is recommended.
Commentary
This study provides insight into how technology is woven into everyday life within supported living environments for people with dementia. Rather than being experienced as purely clinical tools, technologies such as wearables and mobile phones were often described as contributing to reassurance and a sense of security.
The findings also show that technology use is relational. Tenants’ ability to benefit depended on the support of both informal and formal carers, alongside opportunities to build digital confidence. Where this support was available, technology was more likely to be used in ways that aligned with residents’ preferences.
At the same time, the study highlights ethical tensions. Monitoring and assistive technologies raised questions about privacy, consent and autonomy, particularly as cognitive capacity changes over time. These concerns highlight the importance of clear governance and ongoing dialogue with tenants and carers.
Overall, the research suggests that technology can enhance supported living when it is thoughtfully integrated into care models. Ensuring that use remains person-centred, ethically grounded and supported over time is central to avoiding harm and enabling technology to contribute positively to dementia care.
Key messages
- video consultations were rapidly adopted in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic
- uptake was shaped by organisational readiness, infrastructure and staff confidence
- care homes faced challenges managing resident data on digital platforms
- social care staff often lacked access to advanced digital systems compared with healthcare professionals
- Variation in digital experience influenced the effectiveness of video consultations
Policy implications
- care homes require equitable access to digital infrastructure and platforms
- training and support for care home staff are essential for effective technology use
- digital systems should be designed to reflect care home workflows and data needs
- integration between health and social care digital platforms could improve coordination.
Gaps
- limited inclusion of care home residents’ perspectives
- care home staff views were underrepresented compared with healthcare professionals
- findings are context-specific and not generalisable across all care settings
- limited evidence on longer-term use beyond the pandemic period.
Commentary
This study captures how video consultation technology was introduced into care homes under pandemic conditions. It shows that while video consultations offered a way to maintain clinical input, their effectiveness depended heavily on infrastructure, staff capacity and organisational support.
Differences in digital capability between health and social care organisations were particularly evident. Care home staff often had fewer tools and less access to integrated systems, making coordination more complex and increasing reliance on workarounds.
In terms of care equity, the study highlights how unequal digital investment across sectors can shape access to care for residents. Where care homes lacked robust platforms or support, residents were less able to benefit from remote clinical input. This unevenness risks creating a two-tier experience of technology-enabled care based on setting rather than need.
Overall, the findings suggest that technology use in care homes must be informed by the experiences of both staff and residents. Without addressing structural gaps in digital capability across social care, video consultation risks reinforcing existing inequalities rather than improving access and quality of care.
Key messages
- technology-enabled care services (TECS) are positioned as tools for prevention and early intervention
- TECS can support people to live at home for longer, potentially reducing reliance on institutional care
- local authority budget cuts have constrained innovation and service development
- infrastructure limitations within care systems hinder effective deployment of TECS
- TECS are not always well aligned with integrated health and social care planning
Policy implications
- sustainable funding models are needed to support long-term delivery of TECS
- commissioning approaches should integrate TECS into wider health and social care pathways
- investment in digital infrastructure is required to support implementation in care settings
- clearer frameworks for assessing value may help systems evaluate TECS more consistently
Gaps
- limited evidence on the effectiveness of TECS within integrated care pathways
- lack of long-term outcome data linking TECS to prevention or cost savings
- uncertainty about how value is defined and measured across health, social care and local government stakeholders
Commentary
This case study examines how technology-enabled care services are commissioned and implemented within a regional health and social care system. While TECS are frequently promoted as tools that support prevention and independence, the study highlights how their effectiveness depends heavily on local financial and organisational conditions.
Local authority funding pressures emerge as a major constraint. Budget reductions limit the ability of councils and care systems to invest in new technologies, redesign services or scale promising initiatives. As a result, the potential benefits of TECS are often difficult to realise in practice.
The research also highlights structural challenges around infrastructure and system integration. Where digital systems, care pathways or organisational responsibilities are poorly aligned, technology-enabled services may remain peripheral rather than embedded within everyday care delivery.
From a care equity perspective, these findings raise questions about how technological innovation is distributed across the care system. If the implementation of TECS depends heavily on local financial capacity, areas facing greater fiscal pressure may have fewer opportunities to develop or sustain technology-enabled services. This could contribute to uneven access to preventative tools that help people remain independent at home.
The study therefore suggests that the benefits of technology-enabled care cannot be separated from wider system conditions. Ensuring that TECS support equitable access to care may require stable funding, coordinated commissioning across health and social care, and clearer evaluation of how these services improve outcomes for different populations.
Key statistics
- the study is based on interviews with 100 adults from minoritised ethnic communities across four UK locations
- 20% of participants were aged over 65 and 60% were female
- participants represented a range of ethnic groups including Bangladeshi (23%), Black African (21%), Pakistani (17%), Indian (13%), Black Caribbean (12%) and Chinese (9%)
- participants reported wide variation in digital access, from high competency to complete non-use of the internet
Key messages
- digitalisation of primary care can replicate and worsen existing barriers for minoritised ethnic communities
- digital exclusion is driven by limited access to devices, poor internet connectivity and low digital literacy
- language barriers remain a major obstacle, with most GP platforms only available in English
- some GP staff lack cultural competence and resources to effectively support ethnically diverse populations
- reliance on informal interpreters reduces privacy and can delay access to care
- women in multi-generational households often carry a disproportionate burden managing digital access to care
- over-reliance on digital tools and limitations in clinical training on different skin tones can contribute to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment
- concerns about data privacy and confidentiality can deter engagement with digital GP services
Policy implications
- develop inclusive digital primary care systems that account for digital access, literacy and device limitations
- embed language support and translation options within GP platforms and services
- provide training for health professionals on cultural competence and anti-racist practice
- maintain non-digital access routes to avoid excluding people unable to use online systems
- design digital services with input from minoritised ethnic communities to reflect real needs
- improve data governance transparency to build trust in digital health systems
Gaps
- the study focuses on qualitative experiences and does not quantify the scale of exclusion across the wider population
- limited exploration of how digital exclusion varies across different regions beyond the selected case sites
- does not examine long-term health outcomes associated with digital exclusion
- limited focus on how policy changes could be implemented in practice across the NHS
- further research is needed on how digital solutions can reduce rather than reinforce inequities
Commentary
This study explores how the move towards digital GP services is affecting people from minoritised ethnic communities in the UK. It shows that while digital systems are intended to improve access, they can create new barriers for people who already face disadvantages.
Many participants described what the authors call “digital precarity”. This includes not having reliable internet, lacking suitable devices, or not having the skills to use online systems. For some people living on low incomes or in temporary housing, even downloading GP apps or maintaining mobile data was difficult.
Language is another major issue. Most GP apps and online systems are only available in English, which makes it difficult for people who are not confident in reading or writing English. Some rely on family members or friends to help, which can reduce privacy and delay care.
The study also highlights how care responsibilities are unevenly distributed. Women in multi-generational households often manage multiple GP accounts for children, parents and relatives. This creates additional pressure and can slow down access to services.
There are also concerns about how digital systems are used in clinical care. Some participants reported that sending photos or describing symptoms online did not work well for people with darker skin tones. This reflects wider gaps in clinical training and risks delaying diagnosis or treatment.
From a health and social care equity perspective, the findings show how digital transformation can widen existing inequities if systems are not designed inclusively. People who face barriers related to income, language, ethnicity or housing are more likely to be excluded from digital services.
Overall, the study highlights that improving access is not only about introducing new technology. It requires designing services around the needs of different groups, maintaining alternative access routes, and addressing structural inequities that affect how people engage with care.
Key statistics
- between 38% and 78% of people with severe mental health conditions report seeking mental health information online
- 90% of UK households had internet access at the time of the study
- smartphone ownership among UK adults increased from 52% to 85% over a five-year period
Key messages
- digital technologies are increasingly used for mental health support, including self-monitoring, online information seeking and remote interventions
- co-production with clinicians, frontline staff and people with lived experience is important to design tools that are relevant and usable
- digital tools can improve access to support, particularly for people who may not engage with face-to-face services
- there are significant barriers to adoption, including lack of staff training, limited digital literacy and unequal access to technology
- concerns about data privacy, confidentiality and how information is used can reduce trust in digital platforms
- some staff and service users are concerned that digital tools may weaken therapeutic relationships or replace face-to-face care
- digital interventions are developing faster than the evidence base, creating challenges for evaluation and implementation
Policy implications
- invest in digital infrastructure and training across the health and social care workforce
- embed co-production approaches in the design and implementation of digital mental health tools
- develop clear governance frameworks for data security, privacy and ethical use of digital health data
- ensure digital tools are used to complement, not replace, face-to-face care where needed
- address digital exclusion by improving access to devices, internet connectivity and digital skills support
- support ongoing evaluation of digital interventions to ensure they are effective and safe
Gaps
- limited high-quality evidence on long-term effectiveness of many digital mental health interventions
- digital tools are often developed without a clear theoretical framework explaining how they work
- lack of consistent evaluation methods, with traditional trials often too slow for rapidly evolving technologies
- limited research on how digital approaches affect therapeutic relationships and care quality over time
- insufficient focus on how digital exclusion affects access for different population groups
Commentary
This paper looks at how digital technology is changing mental health care. It shows that more people are using the internet and smartphones to find information, track their symptoms and access support. For some people, this can make it easier to get help, especially if they feel uncomfortable with face-to-face services or live in areas with limited provision.
However, access to digital care is not equal. While many people now use the internet regularly, not everyone has the same level of access, confidence or skills. Some people may not have reliable internet or devices, while others may struggle to use digital tools. This creates a risk that digital approaches could widen existing inequities if they are not designed and implemented carefully.
The paper also highlights concerns from staff and service users. Some worry that digital tools could reduce human contact or be used as a cheaper alternative to proper care. Others are concerned about how personal data is collected and used. These concerns can affect trust and willingness to engage with digital services.
Another key issue is the gap between how quickly digital tools are being developed and how slowly they are evaluated. Many tools are introduced before there is strong evidence on how well they work or who they work best for. This makes it harder for services to know which tools to adopt.
From a health and social care equity perspective, digital technology has both potential and risk. It can improve access by reaching people in their everyday lives and offering flexible support. At the same time, if issues like digital exclusion, workforce readiness and trust are not addressed, it may reinforce existing inequities.
Overall, the paper suggests that digital mental health care should be developed alongside, not instead of, wider investment in services and support. A balanced approach is needed so that technology improves access without reducing the quality or equity of care.